Выпуск №1 (Январь) / Выпуски журнала за 2016 год / Публикации журналов Издательского дома "Интернаука" / Internauka

This article presents some difficulties students face when translating from English into Russian. These difficulties cover the so-called "small words" such as it, these, once, only, very, since, those, ones. They seem so much familiar to students they don't care to concentrate on their meaning in the particular context. It leads to misunderstanding of the sense the author of the text is after. The main focus of the article is an attempt to clarify the variety of these "small words" in their meaning, so-to-say "secondary meaning". Knowledge of the "secondary meaning" is important, if not essential. A teacher should provide a great deal of material describing how these words differ when encountered in texts and why their nature is so often misunderstood. High - interest texts from such areas, as psychology, engineering, the arts, technology and business, motivate students to deal with Grammar in a challenging way. A teacher should offer authentic texts presenting not only useful language but also useful information. In this regard, it's worth approaching the issue reminding students of some rules concerning translation.

Let's start with the pronoun "it".Although it has no real meaning in these sentences, we can't leave it out. It as a subject in expressions for:

• Time: what time is it?

How long did it take to get here?

• Days and dates:

What day is it?

It's my birthday.

• Distance:

It's only 2 kilometers to the station.

It isn't a very long way.

• Weather + verb:

It's snowing. It's really hot here. It rained all week.

• it +be +adjective/noun + Infinitive with to. We can use this pattern to describe how we feel about a situation: It's nice to see you.

It will be difficult to find an efficient secretary. It's a pity to leave before the film ends. It was a mistake to miss the lecture.

• it + adjective/noun + that

• It is not surprising, perhaps, that many social work students comment in the early stages of their first practice placement that they had not realized how closely linked social work practice is to the legal context.

• It is not coincidence that social workers find themselves "caught in the middle ". This situation owes a great deal to the fact that social work is located at the intersection of "personal troubles" and "public life" That is, many problems individual clients encounter are closely linked to what social concerns or problems in society.

• It is for these reasons, amongst others that social workers used to keep in touch with knowledge base / theoretical issues, so that they can make the best use of the knowledge available.

• It is imperative that we take on board the emotional dimension of practice in addition to the cognitive elements of knowledge and thought

• It is because of its central role in social work that it is worth now revising the theme of communication and exploring it in more detail

• It is should also be apparent that the process of co-ordination is closely associated with communication skills

• It is generally the case that Leftist regimes have favored less.

• It has always been paradoxical that particular citizens could, on the one hand, demand more government services and, on the other , complain about taxation levels .

• It is added that these is so much criticism of private sector management techniques boing imported into the public sector. More

Important is how they are translated and if they work. Any technique needs to be modified to fit its environment.

• It's now clear that every problem on Earth that will benefit from the knowledge gained and the skills developed from space biomedical research.

• It might be worth emphasizing that one of the early products of nanotechnology could be cheap and efficient photovoltaic materials which are used to generate electricity from sunlight

• School, later university and then work teach us to regulate our lives, imposing a continuous process of restrictions. Is it surprising then that creative ability appears to be so rare?

• using passive reporting verbs which are as follows: mean, believe, consider, expect, know, report, argue, understand, suppose, say, state and think.

There are two patterns:

1) it + passive verb + that clause.

• It could be even argued that substantive reform would not be possible unless the required information was available and it is essential for that information to be of good quality.

• It should be noted that the aim of the social work process and systematic practice is not to turn social workers into robots who rather into thinking practitioners.

• It is not expected that social workers will have A grasp of all theoretical perspectives. Source practitioners are well versed in one or more of the theories but have little knowledge of, or interest in, the others.

• There were, in many countries, quite dramatic changes in hour the public sector operated; indeed, it has been argued that the end of the twentieth century saw "a revolution in public administration that is every bit as profound as that which accrued at the turn of the nineteenth century".

• Here it is argued that the broad change can be characterized as the transition from traditional public administration to public management.

• It was estimated that the leisure revolution would take place by the turn of the last century with hours devoted to work falling to 25-30 per week.

• It is expected that people will jump from one leisure activity to another in complexes catering for everyone's needs.

• It is anticipated that in the years to come, leisure spending will account for between a third to a half of all household spending.

• It is believed that the government will cancel the high speed railway line.

• It is said that Ralph Lauren is the world's richest fashion designer.

2) subject + passive reporting verb + infinitive

• It is thought to be creative to use this new method in teaching

• You should take the train; it's meant to be less stressful than flying

Here are some more examples for gaining skills in translation

• It is fair comment to say that skill development comes with experience. However, it would be both naive and inaccurate to assume that skills will necessarily develop spontaneously over a period of time

• Whilst it is difficult to give exact figures, the leisure industry will certainly experience a long period of sustained growth

• "It strikes a false note to say that something can be both revolutionary and nothing to worry about" some scientists say

• After the trauma of self-editing and looking for howlers, it is time to appraisal. At this stage, it is not wise to send it off to a literary agent or direct to publishes, as it may need further time-tuning of which the author is unaware

• It is not surprising to see people overwhelmed by the unlimited stream of information and it is difficult to know what to do with the data once received. People need to be able to use the knowledge they acquire and not just know it or know where to find it.

• It is even possible to have online reverse actions where suppliers can compete with each other for the lowest price, with the possibility of making more than one bid in the time allowed.

• It would be conceivable for a more hierarchical bureaucratic organization to implement the new technologies, but without the subsequent organizational changes they would be unlikely to work very well.

• Social work is, of course, one of the "caring" or "helping" professions. However, it would be naive not to recognize that there are also significant elements of social control.

• It can often be difficult for social workers to manage the conflicts inherent in being "caught in the middle". What can also make this more difficult is a lack of understanding of such conflicts on the part of others.

• It is not a question of individual vs society, but rather the individual in society (and, indeed, society in the individual, in the sense that social factors are a major influence in shaping the individual).

• It is as well to remember that the question of group interactions applies not only to group work but also on the whole range of group activities, including family dynamics, teamwork, meetings or training courses.

• It is worth considering what is involved in creativity and how this can be developed.

• It is also worth nothing that creativity can be linked with confidence and security. The more confident we are, the more secure we feel about our abilities, the more likely we are to think and act creatively.

• It is no exaggeration to say the public sector affects the entire economy and society.

• It may be difficult to measure performance in the public sector, but this does not mean that no attempt should be made.

As for as some other "small words" you are welcome to deal with the following:

• The problems social workers seek to address are social problems. A radical approach is therefore one that seeks to address problems at a social level.

• There was a noticeable shift towards leisure with the percentage of household spending on leisure increasing to 9%, and that on food declining to 26%.

• The only solution seems to be to create extremely small medical tools and "smart" devices that can diagnose and treat interval injures using ultrasound.

• The very difficulty of treating astronauts in space has led to rapid progress in the field of telemedicine.

• Once again as in the early 1770s when he appears to have been going through some kind of spiritual crisis, Haydn returned to the String Quartet.

• Day after day we hear about how anthropogenic development is causing global warming. According to an increasingly vocal minority, however, we should be asking ourselves how much of this is media, hype and how much is based on real evidence.

• Synaesthesia is understandably met with a certain degree of skepticism, since it is something beyond the ken of the vast majority of people.

• Once it has been of concerns to be addressed, a common next step ... is to explore the issues in some depth and consider some possible.

• Once an act is "on the statute books", plans must then be made to implement it-it it does not automatically come into force.

• Once again we find ourselves in very complex territory with an enormous literature and research base.

• Once someone pays the asking price-for example, to buy a car -the property is owned by that person through the process of exchange and no one else can use it.

• The key difference between public administration and public management is that a public manager is personally responsible for the delivery of results. And once this expectation is made clear, a public manager will act as to how results are to be achieved.

• There are many examples of the ways in which the actions of social workers are after portrayed in unduly negative terms, particularly where child abuse cases are being reported. These can be seen as examples of situations where social workers are being used as scapegoats.

• Human existence presents us with a series of challenges to meet or problems to solve. These can be classified under three broad headings: life course challenges, challenges of circumstances, sociopathic challenges.

References:

1."Understanding Social Works", by Neil Thompson Third Edition, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009

2."Public Management and Administration ", by Owen E. Hughes, Macmillan, 2009

3. "Exams Dictionary", Longman,2006